Yes, brake fluid is hygroscopic, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air over time. This property can lower the fluid’s boiling point, leading to issues like brake fade and reduced performance under high temperatures.
Brake fluid plays a vital role in the vehicle’s braking system, transferring force from your foot on the brake pedal to the brakes themselves. But one unique property of brake fluid that impacts its performance and longevity is its hygroscopic nature, meaning it absorbs moisture from the air over time. This characteristic, while helpful in some ways, also presents challenges and can affect your vehicle’s braking performance if not properly managed.
In this blog, we’ll explore what it means for brake fluid to be hygroscopic, why this matters for vehicle maintenance, and best practices for maintaining thebrake fluid.
Contents
What Does “Hygroscopic” Mean?
Hygroscopic substances have the ability to absorb moisture from their surroundings. Brake fluid is typically hygroscopic, meaning it attracts and absorbs water from the air. While brake fluid is designed to have a high boiling point and maintain stability under heat, its hygroscopic nature gradually lowers its boiling point as water accumulates, potentially leading to safety and performance issues.
There are four main types of brake fluids used in vehicles: DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5, and DOT 5.1. Each has unique properties and specifications regarding boiling points and viscosity. Most brake fluids, including DOT 3, DOT 4, and DOT 5.1, are glycol-based and hygroscopic. However, DOT 5 brake fluid is silicone-based and non-hygroscopic, which affects its behavior and applications differently from other types.
Why is Brake Fluid Hygroscopic?
The hygroscopic nature of brake fluid is intentional and essential for two main reasons:
- Water Distribution: By absorbing moisture, brake fluid prevents water from pooling at the lowest point in the braking system. If water collects in one area, it could lead to localized corrosion or freeze under low temperatures. By dispersing absorbed water throughout the fluid, the system remains more balanced.
- Stable Braking Performance: Glycol-based brake fluids have a high boiling point when dry, but water lowers this boiling point. Over time, as brake fluid absorbs moisture, its boiling point decreases, which can lead to “brake fade” under high temperatures. The gradual moisture absorption prevents sudden, drastic changes in the brake fluid’s properties.
How Hygroscopicity Affects Brake Performance
Brake fluid’s ability to absorb water from the air has both benefits and drawbacks for a vehicle’s braking system. The following are the major ways that hygroscopic brake fluid impacts performance:
1. Lowering of Boiling Point
As brake fluid absorbs moisture, its boiling point drops. In high-performance driving or intense braking situations (such as driving downhill), brakes generate heat. When brake fluid reaches its boiling point, vapor pockets can form, reducing hydraulic pressure. This phenomenon, known as “vapor lock,” leads to brake fade or, in extreme cases, complete brake failure.
2. Corrosion of Brake Components
Water mixed with brake fluid can lead to the corrosion of internal components like brake calipers, master cylinders, and brake lines. This happens because water promotes rust formation, and rust particles can interfere with braking efficiency and damage delicate components over time.
3. Degradation of Fluid Over Time
As brake fluid ages, it absorbs more water and becomes more prone to boiling, leading to compromised performance. Most manufacturers recommend replacing brake fluid every two years to maintain optimal performance and prevent degradation due to hygroscopicity.
4. Reduced Efficiency in Cold Weather
Water presence can affect brake fluid viscosity, making it thicker in cold weather. This can result in slower brake response, especially when braking in colder climates. Hygroscopic fluid tends to attract even more water under such conditions, making timely brake fluid changes even more important.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some FAQs about brake fluid and hygroscopicity –
1. Why is brake fluid hygroscopic, and can it cause any harm?
Brake fluid is hygroscopic to prevent water from pooling in the braking system, which could lead to localized corrosion or freezing. However, this means that over time, water absorption lowers the brake fluid’s boiling point, which can reduce braking efficiency.
2. How often should I change my brake fluid due to its hygroscopic nature?
It’s generally recommended to change brake fluid every two years to prevent performance issues caused by water absorption. However, in high-performance vehicles or humid climates, you may need to replace it more frequently.
3. Can I mix non-hygroscopic DOT 5 brake fluid with hygroscopic fluids like DOT 3 or DOT 4?
No, DOT 5 silicone-based brake fluid should not be mixed with hygroscopic glycol-based fluids, as this can lead to chemical incompatibility, reduced performance, and potential damage to your braking system. To know more check the article about mixing DOT 3 and DOT 4 brake fluid.
4. How can I tell if my brake fluid has absorbed too much water?
Testing kits are available to measure the water content in brake fluid. A water content of over 3% is typically considered too high, and at this point, replacing the fluid is necessary to maintain safe braking performance.
5. What happens if I don’t change my hygroscopic brake fluid on time?
Failing to replace hygroscopic brake fluid can lead to reduced boiling points, which may cause brake fade, vapor lock, and corrosion within the braking system. Over time, these issues can compromise safety and increase repair costs.
Conclusion
Brake fluid’s hygroscopic nature is both an asset and a challenge. By absorbing moisture, it prevents water from pooling and reduces the risk of corrosion in isolated areas. However, it also requires regular replacement to maintain optimal performance, as absorbed water gradually lowers the fluid’s boiling point and can lead to issues like brake fade, corrosion, and a reduction in braking efficiency.
Understanding why brake fluid is hygroscopic and taking steps to maintain it can ensure safe and effective braking performance over the life of your vehicle. Following a routine brake fluid maintenance schedule, using the correct type of brake fluid, and avoiding frequent exposure to air will help keep your vehicle’s braking system in top condition.